Biomolecules

Biological Importance of Chemistry
Bio Molecules are the lifeless molecules that create life in living beings.

Carbohydrates
The most commonly found configuration of a Carbohydrate is Cx(H2O)y

The conditions for an organic compound to be a carbohydrate are :-

1) The compound should be optically active.

2) The compound should be a polyhydrous compound with one ketone or aldehydic group.

3) It can also be a compound which can be hydrolysed to fulfill the above 2 conditions.

Simple Carbohydrates

Also called as monosaccharide, these are the basic units of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides, containing aldehyde are called as aldoses and containing ketones are called as ketoses.

Complex Carbohydrates

a) Oligosaccharides 

A carbohydrate, that on hydrolysis gives two to ten monosaccharide units is called as oligosaccharide.

b) Polysaccharides

A carbohydrate that on hydrolysis yields large number of monosaccharide units is called polysaccharide.

Glucose

C6H12O6(Aldohexose)

Fructose

C6H12O6(Ketohexose)

Fischr Projection
At C1 position, if OH is downwards then it is alpha anomer.

AtC2 position, if OH is downwards then it is D enantiomer

Compounds of Carbohydrates
Disaccharides

a) Sucrose

Glucose + Fructose

C1 of α D Glucopyranose  C2 of β D Fructofuranose

b) Maltose

Glucose + Glucose

C1 of α Glucopyranose   C4 of α Glucopyranose

c) Cellobiose

C1 of β Glucopyranose   C4 of β Glucopyranose

d) Lactose

C1 of β Galactopyranose    C4 of β Glucopyranose

Polysaccharides

a) Starch

Polymer of Gkucopyranose. (C6H10O5)

b) Cellulose

c) Glycogen

Proteins
Proteins are high molecular weight polymers containing Nitrogen, and on hydrolysis yield alpha - amino acids. All proteins contain elements like C, H , O , N , S and some other elements like Co , Mn , Zn , Fe , Cu ,etc.

Proteins on hydrolysis give H2N - CH(R)-COOH.

Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts which catalyzes chemical reactions in our body.

Lipids
Lipids are fats, have limited solubility in water.

Hormones
Hormones are secretions by the endocrine glands

Vitamins

 * A :
 * 1) B1 :  Tymine
 * 2) B2 : Riboflavin
 * 3) B5 : Nicotinamide
 * 4) B6 : Mixture of Pyrodoxine, Pyridoxal and pyridoxamine.
 * 5) B12 : Only vitamin to contain a metal.
 * C :
 * E :
 * K :
 * P :

Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acids are the substances of heredity. The polynucleotide chain (polyester linkage) is the backbone of nucleic acid molecule. It is an ester of phosphoric acid with sugar.

The prefix ribo stands for 5 carbon atom carbohydrate 1

Ribose is a compound having 5 carbon atoms in furanose cyclic structure. In Deoxy Ribose there is absence of oxygen at C2 position. These sugars have been used in the structure of respective nucleic acids below :

Polynuceotide Chain 

The polynucleotide chain of nucleic acid has Sugar molecule (Ribose or deoxyribose) and a base is attached to the sugar molecule. Between two successive sugar-base molecules a -O-P-O- bonding is present and on the Phosphorous atom, there are another 2 Oxygen atoms attached.

Base Group 

The base group attached on DNA are adenine and guanine, containing purine ring and cytosine and thymine which contain pyradimine ring.

In RNA, the bases attached are adenine , guanine , cytosine and uracil.