Organic Chemistry Reaction Mechanisms

Inductive Effect
It is a permanent effect, in which an electronegative or electropositive group attached to a carbon chain , tries to pull or push the electron towards itself. If the Electronegative Group pulls electron density towards itself it is called - I effect. If the Electropositive Group pushes the electron density towards the Carbon chain, it is called as + I effect. The pulling or pushing process develops a "slight"  positive or negative charge.

Remember : Electronegative Group : - I effect

Electropositive Group :- + I effect

Hyperconjugation Effect
The higher the degree of Carbon atom ; the more is the hyerconjugation ffect.

Nucleophilicity
Hard Nucleophiles are highly unstable and reactive. e.g. Hydrogen (-1 charge ; low atomic size)

Soft Nucleophiles  are less unstable and less reactive. e.g. Chlorine (-1 charge ; large atomic size)

The nucleophilicity is decided by its electron charge density.

SN1Reactions
Basic Understanding : Reaction takes place in two steps : 1) breaking of bond 2) Making of bond. The slowest step among the two is the Rate Determining Step.

The process of solvation releases energy for breaking the bond. The nucleophile will pull the electron density from Carbon and acquire -1 charge. Carbon acquires +1 charge. The cleavage of bond happens only in presence of energy. The formation of Carbocation is exothermic in nature. Therefore, there is rise in energy to break the bond , then there is drop in energy as the process is exothermic.

When the bond is broken in the first step, energy is gained , this energy is then liberated to form a bond with the attacking reagent. When the leaving group leaves, carbocation is formed ; thus we have the order of stability :-

Stability : Reaction favored by stable reagents.

CH3 < 1o < 2o< 3o

SN2 Reactions
Basic Understanding : Reaction takes place in one step : 1) Breaking and making of bond takes place simultaneously . It is the only Rate determining step . The reagent attacks the anti-bonding Molecular orbital of the less stable atom and the electron density starts shifting towards it ; which results in breaking of the old bond . The Nucleophilicity of the attacking reagent and nature of the removed group determine the rate of the reaction.

The attacking reagent should be more unstable, so that it attacks easily ; and the leaving group should be more stable , so that it leaves easily.

The process of particles of a solvent surrounding the solute is called as Solvation. If the reaction is taking place in a solution, then the nature of the solvent also decides the rate of reaction. When a nucleophile is present in a solvent, the solvent particles surround it. The solvent particles form thick layers if the solvent is more polar. Thus, the nucleophile finds it more difficult to donate its electron to another empty orbital. Thus, more the polarity of solvent , lesser will be the rate of reaction.

The attacking reagent will attack the unstable group, while the stable group will leave the parent compound.

Stability : Reaction is favored by unstable reagents. ... The reagent cannot attack from both the sides.

CH3 >1o > 2o> 3o

Single Bond > Double Bond > Triple Bond  (Due to electron cloud density)

Open Chain > Closed Chain > Benzene

Organic Tests
1) Peroxide Test : Use Fe2+ and KCNS

Also you can use KI and Starch to detect formation of ether peroxide.

2) Bromine Test for Alkenes :

3) Schiff Base :

4) Fehling Test :

5) Tollen's Reagent :

6) Carbylamine Test :

Catalysts and Conditions

 * 1) Reduction
 * 2) * sffs
 * 3) * sdas
 * 4) * ad
 * 5) Oxidation
 * 6) Hydrolysis